Rujukan Bahasa Semitik Purba

  1. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics by Keith Allan
  2. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics by Keith Allan
  3. 1 2 Huehnergard, John (2019). "Introduction to the Semitic languages and their history". Dalam John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El (penyunting). The Semitic Languages (ed. Second). New York: Routledge.
  4. ↑ Bertman, Stephen (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. m/s. 94. ISBN 978-019-518364-1. Dicapai pada 16 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Steiner, Richard C. (2011). Early Northwest Semitic Serpent Spells in the Pyramid Texts. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  6. ↑ Huehnergard, John (2020). "The Languages of the Ancient Near East". Dalam Daniel C. Snell (penyunting). A Companion to the Ancient Near East (ed. Second). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. m/s. 341–353.
  7. 1 2 Lipiński 2001
  8. ↑ Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (29 April 2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
  9. 1 2 Lipiński 2001, halaman 44
  10. 1 2 Huehnergard (2008).
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kogan (2011).
  12. ↑ Versteegh, Cornelis Henricus Maria "Kees" (1997). The Arabic Language. Columbia University Press. m/s. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-11152-2.
  13. ↑ Sáenz Badillos, Angel (1993) [1988]. "Hebrew in the context of the Semitic Languages". Historia de la Lengua Hebrea [A History of the Hebrew Language]. Diterjemahkan oleh John Elwolde. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 18–19. ISBN 0-521-55634-1.
  14. ↑ Cantineau, J. (1952). "Le consonantisme du sémitique". Semitica: 79–94.
  15. ↑ Dolgopolsky 1999, m/s 29.
  16. ↑ Woodard 2008, m/s 219.
  17. ↑ Hetzron 1997, m/s 147.
  18. ↑ Untuk contoh pengarang menggunakan simbol tradisional tetapi mengikut nilai-nilai bunyi yang baharu, lihat Hackett, Joe Ann. 2008. Phoenician and Punic. The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia (peny. Roger D. Woodard). Likewise, Huehnergard, John dan Christopher Woods. 2008. Akkadian and Eblaite. The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Aksum (peny. Roger D. Woodard). m/s 96: "Seperti yang demikian, dahulu terdapat kumpulan bunyi-bunyi letusan, /ᵈz/ berbunyi (⟨z⟩), /ᵗs/ (⟨s⟩) tidak berbunyi, dan /ᵗsʼ/ (⟨*ṣ⟩) penegas. Semua ini menjadi bunyi geseran dalam dialek-dialek terkemudian; ahli golongan konsonan tidak bersuara yang terkembudian ini disebut [s] dalam bahasa Babylonia, tetapi [š] dalam in Assyria, sementara refleks *š dalam Semitik Purba, yang kemungkinannya [s] sahaja asalnya, terus disebut begitu dalam bahasa Assyria tetapi [š] dalam bahasa Babylonia." Selain itu, seorang pengarang yang belum tentu hendak menandakan nilai bunyi-bunyi sibilan pasti akan menggunakan simbol-simbol lazim juga, contohnya. Greenberg, Joseph, The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. 1990. m/s 379. On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. peny. Keith M. Denning dan Suzanne Kemme: "Ramai tidak yakin dengan nilai fonetik s, ś, dan š dalam Semitik Purba. Saya hanya menggunakannya di sini sebagai transkripsi konvensional daripada tiga sibilan yang sepadan dengan bunyi samekh, śin , dan šin dalam ortografi Ibrani."
  19. ↑ Lipiński, Edward. 2000. Semitic languages: outline of a comparative grammar. e.g. the tables on p.113, p.131; also p.133: "Common Semitic or Proto-Semitic has a voiceless fricative prepalatal or palato-alevolar š, i.e. [ʃ] ...", p.129 ff.
  20. ↑ Macdonald, M.C.A. 2008. Ancient North Arabian. In: The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia (ed. Roger D. Woodard). p. 190.
  21. ↑ Blau, Joshua (2010). Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 25–40.
  22. ↑ Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine", Language, 35 (4): 630, doi:10.2307/410601, JSTOR 410601.
  23. ↑ Versteegh, Kees (1997), The Arabic Language, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 90-04-17702-7
  24. ↑ Contohnya, Huehnergard (2008).
  25. 1 2 Dolgopolsky 1999, m/s 33.
  26. 1 2 Dolgopolsky 1999, m/s 32.
  27. ↑ Quoted in Kogan (2011).
  28. ↑ Vijūnas, Aurelijus (2010), "The Proto-Indo-European Sibilant */s/", Historische Sprachforschung, Göttingen, 123: 40–55, doi:10.13109/hisp.2010.123.1.40, ISSN 0935-3518
  29. ↑ Dolgopolsky 1999, m/s 32.
  30. ↑ Kogan (2011), m/s. 66.
  31. ↑ Kogan (2011), m/s. 69.
  32. ↑ Kogan (2011), m/s. 70, memetik Martinet 1953 m/s 73 dan Murtonen 1966 m/s 138.
  33. 1 2 Kogan (2011), m/s. 70.
  34. ↑ Dolgopolsky 1999, m/s 19, 69–70
  35. ↑ Kogan L. (2011). "Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 124. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  36. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 232. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  37. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 231. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  38. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 72–73.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 152–153. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  40. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 233. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  41. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 165. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  42. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 235. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  43. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 84–85.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. 1 2 Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 166. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  45. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2011). Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage dictionary of the English Language. m/s. 2067.
  46. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 234. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  47. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 87–92.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 93.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 94.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 315. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  51. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 112.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 114–115.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 328–329. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  54. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 238. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  55. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 167. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  56. 1 2 Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 282. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  57. 1 2 3 Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 241. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  58. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2008). "Afro-Asiatic". The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 240. ISBN 978-0-511-39338-9.
  59. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 117–118.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 131–132.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Коган Л. Е. (2009). "Семитские языки". Языки мира: Семитские языки. Аккадский язык. Северозападносемитские языки. М.: Academia. m/s. 75. ISBN 978-5-87444-284-2.
  62. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 160. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  63. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 370. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  64. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 360. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  65. ↑ Moscati S., Spitaler A., Ullendorff E., von Soden W. (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. m/s. 122–130.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 378–406. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  67. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 156–157. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  68. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 419. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  69. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 420–421. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  70. ↑ Huehnergard J. (2011), Proto-Semitic Language and Culture, The American Heritage dictionary of the English Language, m/s. 2066
  71. ↑ Lipiński E. (1997). Semitic languages:Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters. m/s. 366–367. ISBN 90-6831-939-6.
  72. ↑ Weninger S. (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 169. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  73. ↑ Коган Л. Е. (2009). "Семитские языки". Языки мира: Семитские языки. Аккадский язык. Северозападносемитские языки. М.: Academia. m/s. 99. ISBN 978-5-87444-284-2.
  74. ↑ Huehnergard, John (2006). "Proto-Semitic and Proto-Akkadian". The Akkadian language in its Semitic Context: 1. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  75. 1 2 Huehnergard J. (2011), Proto-Semitic Language and Culture, The American Heritage dictionary of the English Language, m/s. 2068
  76. ↑ Kogan L. (2011). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". The Semitic languages. Berlin — Boston: Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 179–242. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
  77. ↑ "Древнейшие индоевропейско-семитские языковые контакты" (ed. Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания). 1964: 3–12. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  78. ↑ а Старостин, С. (2007). Indo-European Glottochronology and Homeland (ed. Труды по языкознанию). Языки славянских культур. m/s. 821–826. ISBN 978-5-9551-0186-6.